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Introduction
 

         Neil Armstrong, the first man to step foot on the moon, once said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” (“Neil Armstrong” 1).  Though many may remember this line, this is not what he originally said; what he said was, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" (Brinkley 1).  What had happened was, “Unfortunately, his words were garbled in transmission, and the "a" went unheard” (1). Despite that, the moon landing continues to be one of the most memorable events in American History. This incredible feat was made possible by the nonstop efforts of NASA, backed by the entire country, due to it being of major importance in winning the Space Race against the Soviet Union. Yet, a mission that could have gone wrong went perfectly. This led to the question of whether the moon landing happened. Two common moon landing conspiracies are as follows:  

1.  Of all the photos that were presented by the moon landing event, the photos of the astronauts were tampered with veiling crucial information that the achievement was just a grand hoax (“DID WE LAND ON THE MOON” 1).    

2. “Apollo 1 astronauts, Roger Chaffee and Ed White were murdered because they were about to reveal that the Moon landings would be faked” (1). 

        By taking a thorough look at the life of Neil Armstrong, the events that led up to the moon landing, and the mountainous amount of evidence provided by the historic event, one can conclude that the moon landing did happen. 

Character Analysis

       Neil Armstrong was a brilliant man who had a lifelong love of flight. One may have a moment in life where one becomes awestruck by something, leaving one wanting to know more about that thing. For Armstrong, he had an experience like that at the age of 6, when he “took his first airplane ride, in a Ford TriMotor, and got hooked for good” (Brinkley). According to a Neil Armstrong article, “When he was 14 years old, he worked after school at a pharmacy to earn money to fly light airplanes at a nearby air field. He earned his pilot's license on his sixteenth birthday, before he even had an automobile driver's license” (“Neil Armstrong” 1). Hard work and determination could already be seen in a young Armstrong; these are traits that would mark his career. Armstrong knew that if he wanted to fly, he would have to pay for it out of his own pocket, and for an adolescent to spend money it says a lot. This could have stopped others, but it did not stop him, and because of his hard work he earned a pilot’s license. A license that is undoubtably difficult to attain, and therefore makes the feat even more impressive since he received it so young. Armstrong would eventually have a master's in aeronautical engineering (1), spend two years serving in the U.S. Navy as a pilot, and become one of NASA’s best test pilots and astronauts (Brinkley). He valued education, honored his country, and used his talent for the greater good. Armstrong dedicated his life to his passion and turned out to be extremely gifted in this area, and because of that, it opened doors for him to be the first man to step on the moon.   

      Neil Armstrong was a man filled with humility when it came to his impressive military service record. With just two years of service, “He flew a total of 78 combat missions, and was awarded the Air Medal for the United States Military three times” (“Neil Armstrong” 1). Despite that, Armstrong found himself cringing when being called a combat hero and considered himself young, lacking experience, even though all the other men in his fighter squadron thought otherwise (Brinkley). Armstrong could’ve easily grown proud when it came to the skills he had developed in piloting. Instead, he was a levelheaded man who would not allow pride to throw him off. Humility is important to have because it leaves a person in the best mindset for potential growth. Armstrong at this stage of his life was young, yet very capable, so this would only point to a brighter future. This is what would allow for much growth in his life when it came to perfecting his craft in piloting and astronaut training.    

       Neil Armstrong was known for his fearless nature in the face of possible death. While serving in the military, “He had several near-fatal disasters during war, including several times when he was forced to fly crippled planes to safety after being hit by enemy gunfire” (“Neil Armstrong” 1). It is these moments that reveal much about a person’s true character. The ability to remain collected under immense pressure is remarkable and this is what Armstrong mastered. Those experiences would only make him stronger for what he would face next in his career. Armstrong sometime after became a test pilot for the NACA (NASA’s predecessor) being tasked with flying state-of-the-art-jets that required him to push flight envelopes, so modifications could be made to perfect new aircraft that would be used on the front lines, “of America's Cold War defenses” (Brinkley 1). At the time tensions between the Soviet Union and the U.S. were at an all-time high. Armstrong was trusted by his country to test the capabilities of this high-tech flight equipment. He did not take this task lightly because he was aware that it was not just his life on the line, but possibly millions of other Americans as well. Armstrong’s talent and devotion to his country was recognized and he was selected among the individuals who would serve as astronauts in the new NASA program (1). Space travel is incredibly risky. This truth could be seen in a Gemini 8 flight which was Armstrong’s first trip to space (1). A malfunction occurred on one of the spacecraft as “they were nearly 200 miles above China and out of radio contact with the ground when the two spacecraft suddenly began to tumble end over end” (1). The astronauts were in danger of passing out at any moment but thanks to Armstrong’s maneuvering of the spacecraft, as praised by Chris Kraft the NASA flight director, they managed to survive (1). A moment that could’ve meant the end of these dear astronauts' lives was in the hands of Armstrong. He assessed the situation and reacted in an appropriate matter, any second of hesitation or doubt could have meant a different fate, meaning his name would not be known as it is today. He regained control of the spacecraft and set them on course for a safe crash landing.  

         It was not a coincidence that he was selected as the first man to step on the moon. Then came the famous Apollo 11 mission that would be the most dangerous, but memorable mission of Armstrong’s career, requiring a safe journey to the moon and back. Yet against all odds, it proved to be a major success, not only for the U.S. but for space exploration as a whole. (1). The whole world watched as these Astronauts made history. Armstrong’s fearless nature was tested time and time again. In the face of what many would crumble to pressure, he stood strong. He had all the defining qualities that would set him apart for this specific mission, and his story continues to be retold to this present day. 

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Conspiracy Theories

        The U.S. moon landing was a great success that the nation needed at the time, but there are two common conspiracy theories surrounding this historic event. One of the theories argues that this grand occasion is fake because some photos of the lunar landscape shared are grainier than others, hiding that it was recreated on a film set. ("DID WE LAND ON THE MOON" 1). The other theory which ties into the first, claims that the fatal accident of the launch pad catching on fire on the Apollo 1 flight, was not an accident but was a successful attempt at silencing the Apollo 1 astronauts, Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee and Ed White from exposing the moon landing as a hoax (1). By examining the evidence for and against these theories, it is clear that the moon landing was a real event.  

       The first conspiracy theory argues that the photos taken of the astronauts are suspiciously poorer quality, compared to the rest of the photos taken of the lunar landscape which appear expertly photographed (“DID WE LAND ON THE MOON”1). It is believed that the moon landing was recreated on a movie set and if one focuses more directly on the astronauts it could reveal that it indeed was a hoax (1).To combat this the photos must have been cleverly tampered with by creating grainy, blurry images of the astronauts while the other photos of the moon landing happened to be clear (1). This has led some to be suspicious of the photos because it can seem as if this was more than just a coincidence but intentional. Although it is fairly easy to jump to conclusions, one must acknowledge the overwhelming evidence provided by the event. It is known that at the time video was a new technology and was especially more advanced for what was required for space exploration. Astronauts had cameras strapped to their chests and took thousands of photos whilst on the moon, and the photos that were the best were chosen to be shared with the world (1). It stands within reason to choose from the abundance of photos the best to broadcast to the world. Perhaps the unclear photos were presented or handpicked by the conspiracy theorists as the standard when in reality it is just the exception. It seems that this theory is based more on convenience than actual evidence for its point of view. This theory lacks a foundation because there is no proof for its claim and does not account for the evidence that stands against it.   

        The second theory proposes that the fatal deaths of three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White, aboard the Apollo 1 launch pad that caught on fire was not caused by an unfortunate malfunction but was planned to prevent them from revealing the truth about the moon landing (“DID WE LAND ON THE MOON 1). The unfortunate deaths of the astronauts caught the world by storm, leaving many wanting to know what could have caused this tragedy.  So, NASA held, “A two-year investigation eventually [concluding] that a short circuit in a wire near Grissom's seat had caused the tragedy” (Brinkley 1). Two years after the incident, to finally confirm what had happened, appeared questionable to many. Why did NASA take this extended period to come up with this conclusion? Were they trying to conceal something? NASA thoroughly searched for the legitimate answer because space travel is not only extremely dangerous but also quite nuanced. Once the cause of the accident was made clear, NASA required 150,000 people from their organization to get every glitch out of the new command module design, to prevent the same fatal outcome (1). NASA understood what was required for space travel. They did all they could to ensure the greatest level of safety for their astronauts, but as with any organization they will not always achieve perfection, and because of that the Apollo 1 incident occurred. 

         If NASA were to attempt to silence the astronauts, it would not have made much sense for them.  Space travel is costly, and the process of choosing the astronauts was time-consuming because NASA searched for the best candidates (1). For NASA to have trained three astronauts, built the Apollo 1 aircraft for it to burn, and had no one else from their organization lash out and reveal the truth in outrage at the corrupt behavior of the U.S. government, sounds very unlikely. The tragedy was a mournful time for fellow astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong, who had close relationships with the astronauts who passed, as well as for NASA which had felt much guilt for missing a small detail that ended up being fatal, and for the nation who watched in despair (1). Therefore, this theory is not plausible because it has no evidence and could be considered disrespectful to the lives of the astronauts lost, as well as to those who loved them and mourned for them.  

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Conclusion

      The moon landing was an event that brought the nation the hope that it needed, but it did not come without some backlash. Of the thousands of photographs taken, the best was shown to the world showing the lunar landscape the day of. The lives of Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White were mourned and honored throughout history for their service to their country. History reveals the truth about mankind, their triumphs, and their defeats. In the end, when people come together to make something extraordinary possible, it will be spoken about for the generations to come. 

Works Cited

​​        Brinkley, Douglas. "The man and the moon: as he talked about that historic day 35 years ago when he became the first human to set foot on the moon, the notoriously reticent Neil Armstrong dropped his guard, and the inner boy from Ohio shone through." American History, vol. 39, no. 3, Aug. 2004, pp. 26+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A118380212/UHIC?u=odl_tcc&sid=bookmark-UHIC&xid=d4971af8. Accessed 3 Oct. 2023. 

 

"DID WE LAND ON THE MOON?" Skeptic [Altadena, CA], vol. 9, no. 1, spring 2001, p. 97. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A79626875/SCIC?u=odl_tcc&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=c94f4f22. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023. 

 

"Neil Armstrong." Contemporary Heroes and Heroines, vol. 1, Gale, 1990. Gale In Context: Biography, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1607000015/BIC?u=odl_tcc&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=a13aa079. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023. 

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